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Think about the night sky, full of stars and galaxies. Now, imagine there's something mysterious up there called dark matter. It's like a cosmic secret that makes the sky even more exciting.

The tricky part is, dark matter is like a hidden superhero. You can't see it, and it doesn't act like the stuff we're used to, but it's there, making the universe a bit of a puzzle. It's like a cosmic ninja that plays hide-and-seek with our telescopes.

So, dark matter might be a bit mysterious, but that's what makes it so interesting. It's like a cosmic riddle, inviting us to explore and discover the hidden secrets of the night sky..........
Let's understand how the astronomers revals the mysterious of dark mattter

Imagine our universe as a huge cosmic dance floor where galaxies are spinning around like dancers.

Back in 1933, a clever astronomer named Fritz Zwicky noticed something strange while watching galaxies in a group called the Coma Berenices constellation.

Some galaxies in this group were spinning so fast that, according to the rules we know about how things work in space, they should have flown away from each other. It's like watching dancers spin so fast that they should have scattered, but they somehow stayed together in a group.

Zwicky thought, "Hey, there's not enough stuff we can see, like stars and gas, to hold these galaxies together with gravity. Something invisible must be at play!" This invisible something became known as dark matter.

Think of dark matter as the cosmic glue. It's like an invisible force that helps galaxies stick together, even when they're twirling around really fast. Dark matter is the hidden superhero that keeps our cosmic dancers from going off the stage.

As astronomers kept exploring, they found more clues. It turns out dark matter isn't just hanging out in groups of galaxies; it's also part of individual galaxies, playing a big role in the cosmic story.

Let's dive into the cosmic story where dark matter takes the stage and makes stars do some mysterious dance moves.

So, imagine you're looking at a spiral galaxy – one of those swirling groups of stars. Now, normally, astronomers thought the stars in the outer parts of the galaxy would twirl around the center more slowly, just like outer planets in our solar system move slower than the ones closer to the sun.

But, surprise! When astronomers peeked through their telescopes, they found that even the faraway stars were spinning around pretty quickly. Now, here's the cosmic head-scratcher – there's not much stuff we can see out there in space, so how come those outer stars are whizzing around so fast without flying away?

The plot twist is dark matter. Turns out, the visible stuff we see – stars and shiny gas – is just a tiny piece of the whole cosmic puzzle. Astronomers realized that there's something invisible out there, an immense dark matter halo surrounding each spiral galaxy like an invisible hug.

This invisible dark matter is like a cosmic superhero, exerting a powerful gravitational pull on those outer stars. It's the reason they can zoom around at high speeds without escaping the galaxy. In fact, dark matter has to be about ten times more massive than the visible stuff to make this cosmic dance work.

Gravitational lensing

Stars oddly orbit

let's unravel the cosmic magic where dark matter plays a role in something called gravitational lensing – a bit like bending light in space.

So, imagine you're stargazing, and suddenly, you see two quasars that seem close together. Surprise! It turns out they're actually the same quasar, but its light got bent by something massive in space, creating a cosmic illusion. We see a double show from Earth.

Now, here's where it gets even more fascinating. Sometimes, astronomers spot glowing circles caused by the bending of light from distant quasars or galaxies. It's like a cosmic lens focusing the light. Those rings and arcs are distorted images of what's happening way back in the universe.

Guess who the bending superhero is? Dark matter, lurking in clusters of galaxies. It's like an invisible artist shaping the way we see things in the cosmic gallery.

But the fun doesn't stop there. Astronomers also notice some quirky things about galaxies – their sizes, shapes, and how they're tilted. This oddity is like a cosmic dance, with galaxies in a region tilting in the same direction. This "weak lensing" isn't caused by a single massive thing, like dark matter in a galaxy cluster, but by the combined effects of all the stuff between us and those galaxies we're watching.

So, dark matter isn't just a cosmic mystery; it's also a cosmic lens, bending and shaping the way we see the universe, adding a touch of enchantment to our celestial view.

What the heck is the stuff?

Okay, astronomers have a lot of good reasons to believe in dark matter, based on all the cool things it does in space. But the big question is – what is dark matter made of?

Here's the fun part: there's a chance it could be made of the same stuff as the sun, planets, and even us – regular stuff we call baryons. These are tiny particles like protons and neutrons that hang out in the nuclei of atoms.

But wait, there's another possibility! Dark matter might be made of some seriously exotic particles, things way different from the usual stuff we know. We're talking about particles like neutrinos, axions, squarks, and photinos – they sound like characters from a cosmic superhero team!

So, in simple terms, dark matter could be everyday stuff like protons and neutrons or these wild and exotic particles doing their own cosmic dance. The mystery of what dark matter really is adds a thrilling layer to our understanding of the universe. It's like trying to solve a grand cosmic puzzle with pieces that might be way weirder than we ever imagined!